Project topics - Journal of Engineering Research and Studies Essay Example for Free

Project topics journal of Engineering Research and Studies EssayJournal of Engineering Research and StudiesE-ISSN0976-7916Research publisherSEPARATION OF OIL AND PECTIN FROM ORANGE PEELAND STUDY OF EFFECT OF pH OF EXTRACTING MEDIUMON THE YIELD OF PECTINShekhar Pandharipande*a, Harshal MakodebAddress for Correspondence*a- Associate Professor, Department of chemical substance Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Bharat Nagar, Amravati Road, Nagpur,India. bB. Tech student, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Bharat Nagar, Amravati Road, Nagpur, India. ABSTRACTAn orangeness tree, specifically, the sweet orange ( citrus sinensis (L.)) is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. The pre move work addresses to the development of the part of the process needed for the stock of value added products like orange oil colour and pectin from orange divest, which is the depopulate of orange succus processing industry. The outcome of the present work highlighted that the sweet orange pare downs are good source of orange oil and pectin and does keep up the voltage to become chief(prenominal) raw material for food processing industries. Two methods namely simple distillate leaching have been explored for separation of oil from peels.The re primary(prenominal)s of cover in this part is further treated for isolation of pectin. It is found from the experimental observations that the peel source, for extraction of pectin, when taken aft(prenominal) extracting orange oil by dint of simple distillate gives higher end product than leaching residue. It is concluded that the process in which orange oil is first extracted exploitation technique of simple distillation followed by irate extraction of pectin is most suitable for industrial production for isolation of pectin. These results demonstrate the successful e xtraction of orange oil and pectin, providing probable benefits forindustrial extraction of pectin from an sparing and environmental point of view. KEYWORDS orange peel, pectin extraction, orange essential oil1.1 INTRODUCTIONAn orange, specifically, the sweet orange (Citrussinensis (L.)) is the most commonly grown tree fruitin the world. chromatic trees are widely cultivated intropical and subtropical climates for the sweet fruit,which is peeled or cut (to avoid the bitter rind) andeaten whole, or tasteful to extract orange juice, overly for the fragrant peel. Citrus fruits are at the topnot only in total production, but also in economicvalue. The albedo is the main source of pectin. Pectinincludes all the esterified polygalacturonic acids atdifferent degree of neutralization. In the presence ofsaccharine and small quantities of organic acids(usually citric acid), pectins gelatinized, and this prop is exploited by the agrochemistry andpharmaceutical industries for pectin isolat ion. Orangeessential oil is present in small ductless glandcontained in the peel of the orange fruits. The mainconstituent of orange peel essential oil is d-limonene(present to the extent of at least 90 %), which is theonly hydrocarbon present. The d-limonene isextracted from orange rinds or hards. The rinds andpulp are sent to an evaporator and the d-limonene issteamed out.It is widely known for its pleasant scentand degreasing properties. d-limonene is currentlybeing used in many applications such as chlorinatedsolvents replacements, hand cleaners and cloacatreatments. The orange processing industry can get acomplete makeover if due importance is abandoned forseparation of useful ingredient from orange peel.Researchers and Scientists have been working on theseparation of oil and pectin from orange peel andreporting their findings in journals of repute. A briefsummary includes orange peel organic waste orenergetic resource(1), Waste to wealth Industrial rawmaterials potential of peels of Nigerian sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)(2), method of distilling a volatileconstituent from perspicuous mixture(3), Optimization ofpectin acid extraction from passion fruit peel(Passiflora edulis flavicarpa) using response surfacemethodology(4),ExtractionandQualitativeAssessment of African concoction Orange Seed Oil(5),JERS/Vol. III/ Issue II/April-June, 2012/06-09Comparisons between different techniques for waterbased extraction of pectin from orange peels(6) , microwave-assisted Isolation of essential oil ofCinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl. Comparison with stodgy hydrodistillation(7), Microwave-assistedextraction of pectin from orange peel(8), microbialproduction of pectin from Citrus peel(9), Optimizationof Pectin Extraction from rifle of flying lizard Fruit(Hylocereus polyrhizus)(10), Determining the Yieldand Quality of Pectin from Fresh flake PectinPomace(11) and Microbial Production of Pectin fromCitrus Peel(12) .The present work (13) explored the possibility ofsepa ration of essential oils and pectin from theorange peels. Nagpur is major orange producingcentre in the subcontinent and even recognized in thename of oranges as, Orange city.1.2 MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present work is divided into following partsI. Separation of oil from peels.a) utilize the method of simple distillationb) Using ethanol as solvent in the methodof leachingII. Extraction of pectin from oil peelsa) From newly peels, the leftoverb) From dried ginmill remained after simpledistillation and leaching as in part I1.2.1 Separation of oil from peelsRaw MaterialThe raw material taken under examination for theextraction of orange oil (d-limonene) and pectin isorange peel. Orange peels are removed from freshoranges which are procured from local market andwhich were harvested in the month of December2011 to January 2012.MethodsSimple distillation is employed for removal ofessential oil from orange peel. Dried and finedground orange peel powder is added with knownquantity of water which is simple distilled moody forapproximately one hour. The solid remains of theresidue are dried to obtain the prohibitionist cover. The distillateJournal of Engineering Research and StudiesE-ISSN0976-7916resulted in to two phases, oil and water. Two phasesare separated and orange oil is obtained. For 350 gmof orange powder taken, 8 ml of oil and 126.3 gm ofdried cake is obtained.The method of leaching is also explored for removalof oil from peels. 380 gm of fresh orange peel areextracted with 225 ml of ethanol. After adequatecontacting, two phases, solid and liquid are separated,198 gm of wet slurry resulted into 150 gm of drycake. However oil could not be recovered followingthis method. The dried cake obtained is furthertreated for separation of pectin in next part of presentwork.1.2.2 Extraction of pectin from orange peelsThe objective of this part of work is extraction andisolation of pectin from fresh orange peel sample andthe dry cake sample left after extraction of oil usingsimple distillation as in part I. The objective includesthe study of the effect of pH of the medium on theyield of pectin extracted. The process flow chart is asshown in the figure 1. display panel no 1 Experimental observations of yield ofpectin at different pHFig no 1 Process flow chart for extraction ofpectin from orange peel sampleCitric acid in distilled water solutions of desired pHvalues 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are prepared. Orange peelsamples weigh 10 gm each are dipped in to thesolution and heated at 800C for 10 minutes. Aftercooling the solution, it is perk uped using cloth filterand Whatman filter paper under vacuum. Ethanol isadded to the filtered solution to facilitate filtration ofpectin. The solution is filtered using fine filter clothor centrifuge at 8000 rpm for 15 min at 100C toseparate jelly pectin which is dried under vacuum at500C and -100 mmHg gauge for two hours. Driedpectin is thus obtained. The observations are given intable no 1.Yield % of pec tin is based on the gram of peelsample taken, and is calculated by formula as givenon a lower floorFig no 2 Pectin yield at different pH of extractingmedium1.2.2.1 Comparison of yield of pectin from thedry cake residue left after simple distillation andleachingSame procedure is applied for separation of pectin inthis part of present work, as followed in part 1.2.2.theobservations are tabulated in table 2 pictorialdetails output of process are depicted in fig 3.Table no 2 Experimental observations of similitude of yield of pectin from the dry cakeresidue left after simple distillation and leachingwhere Ypec (%) is the extracted pectin yield in percent (%), P is the amount of dry pectin in g and Bi isthe initial amount of orange peel in gram.Results and discussionThe maximum yield of pectin is obtained at extraction medium pH of 1. However negligible yieldis obtained at pH of 4 and 5 as can be seen fromgraph plotted between pectin yield % obtained for diverse values of pH of medium as shown in fig 2.JERS/Vol. III/ Issue II/April-June, 2012/06-09Journal of Engineering Research and StudiesResult and discussionThe yield of pectin obtained is highest in turbidextract, but this might be due to some suspendedimpurities present in the extract. The maximumoverall yield of the pectin is obtained from orangepeel residue sample through simple distillation.Therefore, in the process of orange oil and pectinextraction from orange peel, it is recommended onbasis of results obtained, that to first extract oil usingsimple distillation and then isolate pectin with acidhydrolysis technique.1.3 CONCLUSIONNagpur region is well known in central Asia aslargest orange producing region. It is also known asthe California of India, producing excellent qualityoranges in large number. Though it has greatproduction of oranges, the downstream processingand value added product manufacturing applied science isnot yet developed. The present work is dedicated forE-ISSN0976-7916the development of the part of the process technologyneeded for the extraction of value added products i.e.orange oil and pectin from orange peel, which is thewaste of orange juice processing industry. Thepresent work revealed that the sweet orange peels aregood source of orange oil and pectin and does havethe potential to become important raw material forfood processing industries. It is found from theexperimentation that the peel source, for extraction ofpectin, when taken after extracting orange oil throughsimple distillation gives higher yield than leachingresidue. So it can be concluded that the process inwhich orange oil is first extracted using technique ofsimple distillation followed by acid extraction ofpectin is most suitable for industrial production.These results demonstrate the successful extraction oforange oil and pectin, providing potential benefits forindustrial extraction of pectin from an economic andenvironmental point of view.Fig no 3 Pictorial presentation of the process for c omparison of yield of pectin from the dry cake residue left after simple distillation and leachingAmboni. (2009). optimisation of pectin acid extractionREFERENCES1.2.3.4.Martn M.A, Siles J.A.1, El Bari H, Chica A. F,Universit Ibn Tofail. Facult dos Sciences. Kenitra(Maroc) .(2008). Orange Peel Organic Waste orEnergetic Resource?Tobias I. Ndubuisi Ezejiofor, N. V. Eke, R. I.Okechukwu, R. N. Nwoguikpe and C. M. Duru. (2011)Waste to wealth Industrial raw materials potential ofpeels of Nigerian sweet orange (Citrus sinensis).African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(33), pp.6257-6264.Gorden P. Gerow, Davenport, Fla.(1982). Method OfDistilling A Volatile Constituent From Liquid Mixture.United States Patent, 4,326,926.Erika Kliemann, Karina Nunes de Simas, Edna R.Amante, Elane Schwinden Prudencio, Reinaldo F.Teo filo, Ma rcia M. C. Ferreira Renata D. M. C.JERS/Vol. III/ Issue II/April-June, 2012/06-095.6.7.from passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa)using response surface method ology. InternationalJournal of Food Science and Technology, 44, 476483.Nwobi BE, Ofoegbu O O B Adesina. (2006).Extraction And Qualitative Assessment Of AfricanSweet Orange Seed Oil. African Journal of foodagriculture nutrition and development. Vol. 6 ISSN1684-5374.S. Yeoh, J. Shi, T.A.G. Langrish. (2008). Comparisonsbetween different techniques for water-based extractionof pectin from orange peels. Elsevier, Desalination 218,229237.Weerachai Phutdhawong, Rungthip Kawaree, SamartSanjaiya,WayaSengprachaDuangBuddhasukh.(2007). Microwave-Assisted Isolation of indispensable oil of innamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl.Journal of Engineering Research and StudiesComparison with Conventional Hydrodistillation.Molecules ISSN 1420-30498. Zheng Jie, Yang Ting, Wu Qiang, Li Jing, Wang YaNa. (2009). Microwave-assisted Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peel. Vol. 30, No. 20,p. 134-137.9. P.Y. Tang, C.J. Wong and K.K. Woo. (2011).Optimization of Pectin Extraction from Peel of DragonFruit (Hylocereus polyrh izus). Asian Journal ofBiological Sciences, ISSN 1996-3351, KnowledgiaReview, Malaysia, 4 (2) 189-195.10. P. G. Crandall, R. J. Braddock, and A. H. Rouse.(1978). Determining The Yield And Quality Of PectinFrom Fresh Peel And Pectin Pomace. Proc. Fla. StateHort. Soc. 91109-111.11. Takuo Sakai Minoru Okushima. (1998). MicrobialProduction of Pectin from Citrus Peel.Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology, Vol. 39, No. 4, p. 908912.12. Harshal Makode (2012).Project report submitted for BTech to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj NagpurUniversity,Nagpur.JERS/Vol. III/ Issue II/April-June, 2012/06-09E-ISSN0976-7916

Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller EssayWe then created a stroke based on knowledge gained through the make for text and the discussions and showed it to the class, and received in return their comments. However our teacher did not believe any one in our group had the characters as believable as they could, and thought they needed improving. She decided upon giving us an extremely beneficial exercise into do as a class, which would make us look deeper into our characters, as so there fore convey a better example of that character in our scenes. We all had to stand up, facing our teacher, in a vogue we believed our character would stand, also incorporating facial and bodily stance.At that time, the character I was playing was Eddie, a respectable legal Italian immigrant living and working amongst the Italian community in New York. I had from previous exploration into the character a visualisation of the type of character Eddie was. The type of man who was tight fisted and bolshy, provided thought ful of those important to him. This exercise backed up my thoughts on Eddie, and allowed me to make an accurate physical and tonal picture of how Eddie should be acted tight fisted, yet in no way a mad man, but with a cold expression on his face.We also used freeze frames in many of our scenes, whether it was to change, open, or close scenes, they were useful to us so we knew when to stop or pause. And they were also useful to the audience so they could see a clear distinction betwixt different parts of scenes, or changes of scenes. In one scene we used a large amount of stage to allow the use of levels in a creative way around the stage. We were all in a group of four, and had sole(prenominal) one speech from one character to create a scene out of.We devised amongst the group, which would be the most effective way of delivering the characters speech to the class. We decided upon cutting the paragraph in certain areas, into sentences, which could then be allocated to individuals. We then unruffled ourselves to being character involved, who happened to be Alfieri, and mapped out where each of us was to stand. We decided to start the scene in a freeze frame, but to let the eradicate flow, with repetition of the final line, the section dynamics getting quieter as the words trailed out.We thought this effect would be good in conveying an inner voice speaking, and would also allow for the next group to add their scene, the following in the play, onto it. The use of mime was also rather important in this scene as well. With hand gestures and facial expressions the climax could be reached, the true expression of the person could come out, making a more believable performance. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

3-Year Marketing Plan Essay Example for Free

3-Year Marketing Plan EssayIntroduction partnership G is a genuinely well up-known go with in the electronics industry and is highly regarded by consumers for their high type harvest-festivals and this new product line that is being introduced by Company G continues the excellence of quality for which they be known. The Tub-Scrubbie is an innovative new product that is a first in a new line of electronic home c atomic number 18 products that is being introduced by Company G. The Tub-Scrubbie is an automatic bathtub scrubbing brush that is designed to allow people the freedom to spend more time doing whats important to them instead of working on ho physical exertionhold chores. Mission StatementWe enable consumers to improve the quality and convenience of their lives by providing innovative electronics solutions.The ProductThe Tub-Scrubbie is an automatic bathtub scrubber that is completely self-possessed and rechargeable. This product is designed to scrub the bathtub for those that atomic number 18 physically unable to do so themselves and for people whose lives ar very busy and would rather be spending quality time with their family than spending extra time doing household chores. The Tub-Scrubbie is quick to set up and very simple to use. thither are no complicated instructions, no small parts to lose or parts that easily break. The social unit contains a cleanser and water reservoir that is easy to absorb and holds 16 oz. of liquid which is enough for one use, an automatic timer which switches the unit off when the time has expired, replaceable bristle brushes that can be used on all surfaces and a metal tube march set. To use, the metal tube frame is attached to the bathtub using spring tension rods, thescrubber is fill with the no scrub cleanup spot solution and water mixture, the scrub unit is attached to the frame, turn on the unit and set the timer and let it go. The scrubber unit result spray the change solution in 15 second inte rvals as it scrubs the tub. It will move along the metal frame and move up and down on the move post to scrub the walls of the tub. in one case it has completed two revolutions around the frame, the scrubber will detach from the drop tube and scrub the bottom of the tub until the timer shuts the unit off. Rinsing the tub is non required, the cleaning solution is designed to be no rinse and is non-toxic and will not damage surfaces with regular use.Consumer Product ClassificationAfter in-depth research, we sport determined that the Tub-Scrubbie would be classified as a shopping circumstance. point though this item has several characteristics of being a convenience item, much(prenominal) as being low in expenditure and being gettable in multiple sales push throughlets, and the purchase frequency is infrequent as a specialty item, it maintains the shopping item profile. The consumer factors that direct this product to the shopping item assortment are a considerable planning t ime involved in making the purchase, the importance of a convenient location, the considerable comparison of price and quality. The merchandising mix factors include a relatively short distribution channel, the sellers image is very important for the reliability and durability of the item and that this item can be sold and promoted by the producer and the seller of the item.Target MarketThe target commercialise for the Tub-Scrubbie actually covers two different demographic separates. The first concourse showcase to target will be the elderly from the age of 55 and over and disabled people of any age that are nutrition alone. The second group oddball to target for grocerying are the people that are too busy to spend time doing household chores such as scrubbing the bathtub, this group will consist of parents with children that are enrolled in multiple after school activities and the overworked business professional.The elderly/disabled group will be in a very low income bracke t, and may or may not set about been educated, they will most likely be sustenance on a pension, loneliness or collecting a monthly check from social security, their annual income will average $10,000 $25,000. This group will most likely be living alone in an flatbed or single family home in the low income section of town that is situated close to strip mall type of shopping center, which may or may not sire a major anchor store.The business professional group will be in the medium income bracket this group will be highly educated, holding either a Bachelors or Masters degree. They will be working hard and very long hours so that they can remain in their income bracket range. Their average income will be between $40,000 and $60,000, enough to cover their living expenses and small extravagances, but not enough that they can hire someone to do their housekeeping regularly. This group will be living in an apartment community or in a condominium that is located close to an upscale shopping center or mall.Competitive Situation compendAnalysis of Competition using Porters 5 Forces ModelThe interest is an overview of factors that may have an impact on the introduction and future sales of the Tub-Scrubbie. In the cleaning product market place, consumers are always looking for a new and innovative way to take the work out of their daily house cleaning chores.Competitive RivalryAt this time there would be no direct competition for the Tub-Scrubbie. As the sales of this item rise, competitors will start to better their version of this product, if we patent our item that will reduce exact replicas. With the introduction of the Tub-Scrubbie, the main competition would be the companies that produce the well-known tub and bathroom cleaners such as Clorox Co, Proctor Gamble and S.C. Johnson Son, Inc. Each of these companies holds at least 50% or more of the market share of the different cleaning products that customers have been using for yrs.Threat from moderni stic EntrantsThe home cleaning product market is extremely queen-sized and the competition is very high among the leaders of the industry, this makes entering this market very difficult. Due to the cost involved with entering the cleaning productmarket, the threat from new entrants is relatively low. The internet can be used to oversee any new competition that may try to break into the market with similar products to ours.Threat from BuyersWith the cleaning product market being as large as it is, the threat from individual consumers would be relatively low they would have no effect on price or placement of the item. The threat from buyers would be greater, big box stores such as Wal-Mart and Target would be able to refuse to purchase the item unless they received a discount per number of units browseed, they would withal have control of where the product would be placed in their stores. Internet sales would not be considered a threat from buyers this would be set up as direct sa les to consumers.Threat from SuppliersSince we would be producing the main product in our own factories, there is no threat from a manufacturing standpoint. We would partner with Clorox Inc to result the cleaning solution for the Tub-Scrubbie. Since Clorox is a very large producer, the threat from this supplier would be very low. The only threat from supplies that we would face would be from the suppliers of the raw materials that we would use to create our products. The internet could be used to watch for disruption to the raw material chain.Threat from SubstitutesIn the beginning there will be very little threat from substitutes, at this time there is no product on the market that will directly compete with this item. After this item is introduced, former(a) companies such as P G, 3M and Clorox will flood the market of their version of the Tub-Scrubbie, which will then introduce direct competition for our item. Most of the substitute products for the Tub-Scrubbie do not offer th e convenience of the automatic cleaning feature of our product, there is only one product at this time that offers this feature which is the Scrubbing Bubbles self-acting Shower Cleaner. This product is designed to clean shower stalls, not bathtubs and therefore should not pose to be direct competition. The only alternatives that are easy to our product would be the old fashioned way by using a scrub brush or sponge and liquid or powder bathtub cleanser and water. The internet could be utilized to monitor similar products being offeredworldwide.SWOT AnalysisIn this section, we have highlighted Company Gs strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the production and sales of the Tub-Scrubbie line of products. STRENGTHS *indicates core competencyWell-known brand realizeInnovative productsOutstanding product supportWEAKNESSESNew to cleaning product marketIntroducing a new concept in cleaningDependent on partner companys cleaning productOPPORTUNITIESOnline marketingExpandin g into new marketPartner with industry leader of cleaning productsTHREATSReplication by competitorsCleaning products al wangle on the marketConsumers unwilling to try a new productStrengthsThe first of our strengths which is also a core competency is that we have a very well-known brand name in the electronics market. We have a name that consumers know and trust for quality products and excellent customer service consumers would be more likely to purchase our product. Our second strength, also one of our core competencies is that our company is known for its innovative new products. We have spearheaded more different markets with new products that consumers have not ever seen before and have done very well in sales with these products, capturing at least 10% of the market. Our third strength is our outstanding product support. We offer the most extensive and longest warranties on our products, have with a money back guarantee if not satisfied. We also have an excellent customer se rvice department that receives customer feedback and requests by email, phone orinstant chat and concentrates on resolving customer issues within 48 hours.WeaknessesThe first weakness is that Company G is a new entrant to the cleaning product market. We will have many competitors that have been selling quality products in hundreds of different outlets for many years. Our next weakness is that we are introducing a new, forward-looking concept in cleaning to an older market that is mainly reluctant to change. Many of the consumers in our target market are older people that are afraid of technology or just may feel that its just not clean if they dont scrub it themselves. Our third weakness would be Company Gs colony on our partner company, Cloroxs name to sell our product. Since the Tub-Scrubbie will be sold with cleaning fluids provided by the Clorox Company, we are depending on their reputation and popularity in the industry to assist sell our product, if their product doesnt sel l, then ours wont either.OpportunitiesOne of our first opportunities with this product is to expand on our internet sales opportunities. All of our products can be ground online on hundreds of websites as well as direct sales, by offering this product online we can expand into new internet outlets that have not antecedently carried our electronics. Another opportunity that this product will give us is the advantage of expanding our company into an entirely new market. This will be Company Gs first imperil into the cleaning product market which will give us the opportunity to introduce future cleaning products and expanding our sales into new territories. Our third opportunity is that we are going to partner with Clorox, which is one of the leaders in the cleaning industry. Their name is seminomas with clean and germ free and by partnering with Clorox, it will only boost sign sales as well as residual sales of the refill cleaning fluids.ThreatsOne threat would be replication of ou r product by competitors. Once our Tub-Scubbie is introduced, there is a possibility of the market being flooded with similar products. Even though their design will be different, the concept will be the same, this will ultimately bring down our sales. Another threat would be the wide variety of cleaning products that arealready available on the market. Consumers are creatures of habit and have their favorite products that they buy repeatedly and they refuse to change, if they dont use Clorox products, they are not likely to purchase our product. A third threat is that many consumers are unwilling to try a new product that will change the method they use to clean their bathtub. Many people do not like change and are unwilling to buy something new, they may feel it wont clean as well as it should or that its just some other electronic device that will break after a few months.Market ObjectivesProduct ObjectiveThe main objective lens for the Tub-Scrubbie is to offer a quality produc t that is simple and ready to use, uses very little energy, is rechargeable and is covered by our 60 day money back guarantee and 1 year warranty.Price ObjectiveThe Tub-Scrubbie will be available at an introductory price of $29.99 and after 6 months the regular price will be $34.99. There will also be color varieties available at $39.99 and an upgraded model bundled with cleansers will be introduced after one year for $54.99.Place ObjectiveThe objective for placement of the Tub-Scrubbie will be to introduce the product in a partnership with the Wal-Mart and Sams Club Corporations by Dec of 2013 and by Feb 2014, the Tub-Scrubbie will be available in most retail outlets.Promotion ObjectiveThe objective for promotion of the Tub-Scrubbie is to gradually introduce our product to the public through idiot box and radio advertisements, newspapers and pass circulars and free standing store displays by the end of January 2014.Marketing StrategiesIn order to make this product successful in t he market place, we must ensure that the consumers receive the superior quality products that they have come to expect from Company G. This entails providing our customers a long lasting product that is energy efficient, available in a variety of colors at an affordable cost. We have created a three stage marketing strategy forthe Tub-Scrubbie by first placing the item in one of the largest retailers during the holiday shopping season, setting a pricing plan that will fit into the budget of most of our consumers and by offering price reduction in lower income areas.Product StrategiesThe Tub-Scrubbie will be sold with rechargeable batteries and AC adapter. The Tub-Scrubbie will be covered by our standard 60 day money back guarantee and 1 year warranty. The Tub-Scrubbie will be fully assembled and ready to use out of the box.Price StrategiesThe Tub-Scrubbie will have an introductory price of $29.99, after 6 months the price will increase to $34.99. The Tub-Scrubbie will be offered in a variety of colors for $39.99. The Tub-Scrubbie will be offered in a bundle with a larger cleanser reservoir and 2 bottles of cleanser in their choice of color for $54.99.Place StrategiesThe Tub-Scrubbie will be launched in December of 2013 in all Wal-Mart and Sams Club stores. In January 2014, the Tub-Scrubbie will be released at all other major retailers such as Target, Raleys, Bel Air and Nob Hill markets. By February 2014 the Tub-Scrubbie will be available at all smaller retailers and at online stores.Promotion StrategiesIn November of 2013, the Tub-Scrubbie will start to be featured in television and radio commercials sponsored by Wal-Mart. In December of 2013, the Tub-Scrubbie will be featured in holiday circulars and newspaper ads. In January of 2014, in stored displays will be set up at most retail outlets and $5.00 of coupons will be circulated as a New Year cleanup special.Tactics and Action PlanShown below are the plans that have been put into place to carry out the obje ctives stated above. Each manager indicated will be responsible for completing the task by its due date.Product Action PlanTacticDue battleResponsible companyEnsure that all packaging includes rechargeable batteries and AC cord Daily As items are manufactured and packaged.Manufacturing SupervisorA copy of our guaranteed return policy and warranty are included with each unit. Daily As items are manufactured and packaged.Manufacturing SupervisorEach unit is fully assembled and ready to operate out of the package. Daily As items are manufactured and packaged.Quality Assurance coachPrice Action PlanTacticDue DateResponsible societyEnsure that the packaging reflects the introductory price of $29.99 Daily through the first 6 months of production.Manufacturing Manager and Promotions ManagerEnsure that the packaging with the color varieties indicate the better color and the price of $39.99 Daily As the items are manufactured and packaged.Manufacturing ManagerEnsure that the packag ing for the bundled enhanced product and cleaning fluids indicate the color of the unit as well as the price of $54.99 Daily As the items are manufactured and packaged.Manufacturing ManagerPlace Action PlanTacticDue DateResponsible PartyEnsure that shipments have been received by all Wal-Mart and Sams Club distribution centers. November 1, 2013 diffusion ManagerEnsure that shipments have been received by remaining large chain retailers. December 1, 2013Distribution ManagerEnsure that shipments have been received by all remaining retailers. January 15, 2013Distribution ManagerPromotion Action PlanTacticDue DateResponsible PartyEnsure that television and radio spots are ready to be aired. October 31, 2013Promotion ManagerCreate and submit ads for circulars and newspapers.November 15, 2013Promotion ManagerOrder POS merchandisers and distribute to retail outlets.November 30, 2013Promotion ManagerMonitoring ProceduresIn order to ensure that our marketing plan is achieving Company Gs des ired goals, we must put into place and regularly review monitoring procedures. We will be using the following procedures from the first day that the product is introduced through the first 5 years of sales.Monitoring ActivityDue Date/FrequencyResponsible Party general Sales VolumeQuarterlyDistribution ManagerEffectiveness of AdvertisementsEnd of each monthPromotion ManagerAccumulated ExpensesQuarterlyAccounting ManagerCustomer SatisfactionEnd of each monthCustomer Service Manager

Disruptive Technologies And The Innovation Dilemma

Disruptive Technologies And The Innovation DilemmaDisruptive engineering science was jump introduced in Clayton Christensen article Disruptive Technologies patrimonial the Wave (1995) which was co-wrote with Joseph Bower. 1 In view of chore and engine room fields, as discussed by Clayton Christensen, luxuriant engineering science is a technology ab initio in a form of simple application, consequently improves and dominates dramatically in the markets, where the markets do non expect. Disruptive technology typically improves in a way that by being lowlyer priced and knowing for various disciplines of consumers. 2 Instead of allowing consumers with lots of money or lots of skills to use it, unquiet technology is designed in which allow whole spick-and-span population of consumers to use it, access its services. 3For jumper cable of the quick markets, roily technology machinates potential brats on them. It is because it debates with the alert leaders of the market in such an unexpected trend. Leaders of the existing markets sometimes fail to compete with dissolute technology since they do non expect tumultuous technology can improve and dominate dramatically in the markets. Generally, disruptive technology dominates the existing markets by moving into a young market where the old technology fails to follow. In additional, it enhances and makes improvements in its performance until finally displace the market incumbents. 2There be lots of types of disruptive technology such as private computing devices, digital memory cards, digital picture taking, and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). Personal computers displaced the pilot light mainframes computers. The dominant of digital memory cards has displaced the floppy platters which were widely used in the past. 4Endnotes1 Bower, Joseph L. Christensen, Clayton M. (1995). Disruptive Technologies Catching the Wave Harvard Business Review, January-February 19952 http//en.wikipedia.org/, Wikip edia, Disruptive engineering (accessed on 6 January 2010)3 http//www.claytonchristensen.com (accessed on 6 January 2010)4 http//en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Examples of disruptive innovations (accessed on 6 January 2010)What is sustainable technology? How does it differ from disruptive technology? (1/2 to one page)Sustainable technology improves established products performance with come forth of the closet replacing them. Sustainable technology is usually gear uped by strong-established company which usually holds a leadership position in the corresponding industries. Generally, most of the new technologies and innovations improve the performance of products. The term sustainable technology was introduced by Clayton Christensen in 2003What all sustaining technologies have in common is that they improve the performance that mainstream customers in major markets have historically valued. 1In general, sustainable technology does not create side effect on the existing markets. Sust ainable technology can be classified into two categories Revolutionary or Evolutionary. For Revolutionary technology, customers atomic number 18 allowed to deal with a bother in a radically hateful while for Evolutionary technology, products in an existing market ar improved in such ways that customers atomic number 18 expecting. 2Sustainable technology aims to sustain the organizations focus, and sustainable technology usually satisfies current customers needs, while disruptive technology does not initially improve the focus of an organization. They sometimes do not have a market when they are created. In view of the difference amongst incumbents and entrants in harm of technology adoption, since sustainable technologies are well established together with the domination of strong players in their markets, an entrant may choose to begin with alternative technologies. Besides, disruptive technologies have lower gross margins, smaller size of target markets and simpler product s, which allow them to carry out by either firm. 3 Nevertheless, when compared to disruptive technology, products of sustainable technology are usually regarded as too expensive to be adopted and preferred instead of too cheap that no one want to adopt and prefer. 4Endnotes1 Christensen C. 2003. The Innovators Dilemma, harper Collins Press2 http//en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia (accessed on 7 January 2010)3 http//www.claytonchristensen.com (accessed on 6 January 2010)4 Xiao Huang Greys Sosic 2008. Sustaining vs. Disruptive Technology Industry Equilibrium under Technology Evolution, Marshall School of Business, University of southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089Managers in successful, on-going business are more(prenominal) thriving with which type of technology disruptive or sustainable? Explain your answer. Illustrate it with examples. (One page)Instead of disruptive technology, sustainable technology which serves the present customers and puts emphasis on incremental improve ments is more valueable to develop and maintain from the point of views of managers who are doing on-going and successful business.Since the majority of advances are sustainable technologies, with the established technologies, developed mature reputation of the organizations and kinship with the customers in the mainstream markets, it is no doubt that managers in on-going business will feel more comfortable in those sustainable technologies. 1In the mainstream markets, there are enough suppliers willing to develop and support the new technology and customers to buy it. In the computer industry, as a manager of Intel corporation, it is more comfortable for them to perform continuous advancement on the processing power of Intels integrated chips as a sustainable technology since there are enough suppliers such as Tenco Electronics Co. and IT Market Web to support their development and immense groups of mainstream customers to buy them. 2 As a manager in an organization, a stable and sustainable market is preferred.In the healthcare industry, applications which are used to manage the assets and traditional supply chain are usually use uped as sustainable applications. It is nothing scarce the improvements and enhancements in the existing processes for the mainstream customers such as the too large hospitals. Suppliers of these applications include the large hospital suppliers and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) consultants. 3 With the large supports fundament, managers are much(prenominal) used to prefer sustainable technology.Sometimes, if an organization chooses to adopt disruptive technologies instead of sustainable technologies, rapid technology improvements may overshoot the mainstream markets. This is a prodigious perplexing problem for a manager in an organization. Taking the producer of graphics cards Nvidia as an example, the development of technologies and products were good initially. 4 However, a large difference to their customers r equirement was finally reached when the number of polygons rendered per second was increased rapidly every concomitant improvement.From the perspective of managers in an on-going, successful business, sustainable technology is more preferred in general.Endnotes1 http//www.hartnall.com (accessed on 9 January 2010)2 http//www.alibaba.com/suppliers/Intel (accessed on 9 January 2010)3 Karen Crooker, Dirk Baldwin, Suresh Chalasani, RFID Technology Applications in the Healthcare Industry, European Journal of Scientific Research, 20094 http//en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Nvidia (accessed on 9 January 2010)What does Christensen mean when he asserts that many colossal companies went out of business because they were too center on satisfying their customers tell needs? How can the example of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) be used to illustrate this point? Explain your answer. Illustrate with additional examples. (1 2 Pages)Many great companies were too focused on satisfying their cu stomers stated needs, actually, they do not have much difficulties on succeeding this objective in order to develop their sustainable technology. It is trickyly for managers in a good business to pursue in worse margins. except this is the problem, they were too focused on their high-end markets and the low-end disruptive technologies markets sometimes do not make sense to them. Thats wherefore DECs leaders and engineers viewed PCs as underpowered toys. However, DEC finally went out of business. 1DECs PDP and VAX products were considered the most popular minicomputers for both scientific and engineering industries during the 1970s and 1980s. 2 Their attention team was considered as the beat out team in the industry. However, the emergence of microcomputers had destroyed DEC finally. This was the problem of their business model. The mainstream market for DEC was customers who brought high-end minicomputers at high margins. These computers were wealth to buy powerful computers. I n contrast of DECs minicomputers, microcomputers were mass produced to customers who were expected to use low-cost computers with little help from the manufacturers at low margins. Initially, microcomputers could not meet the high-end markets but over a successive improvement, they met the most demanding markets.The reason of the collapse of DEC rather than the microcomputers corporations such as Apple, Dell was that DEC was too focused on their high-end markets and could not develop new markets for their products. DEC was forced by those microcomputers corporations to concentrate on their high-ends markets and customers in which the margins were considered as reveal and more profitable. However, after improvement of microcomputers performance, most of the microcomputers could do the most jobs as well as the minicomputers did. The dream of DEC was finally over and the most-demanding market was low cost microcomputers ultimately. 3The other example was Eastman Kodak which missed out the digital photography revolution. In the past, Kodak dominated the chemically based photographic process markets. Their only competitor was the Japanese company, Fuji, but actually did not make too much threat to Kodak at that moment.In the past, Kodak had put hundreds millions of dollars into a chemically based system which focused on satisfying their mainstream customers needs. Nevertheless, an emergence of a disruptive technology digital photography revolution had made a huge punch to Kodak chemically based photographic process business. Digital photography technology was created in Japan. When the first Japanese VHS and Betamax camera systems were available in the markets, Kodaks Polaroid chemically based system no longer made sense when compared to digital photography. Nevertheless, Kodaks did nothing and tried to ignore this tidal wave approaching on them. Finally, they missed the chance of digital photography revolution and lost hundreds millions of dollars of investment which was equivalent to billions dollars today. 4 Although digital photography was developed finally in Kodak nowadays, Kodak had to carry a huge price for their delay in digital photography revolution. The digital transformation required a series of lay off-keys and facilities closure, cutting 12,000-15,000 jobs slightly the world. A 20%-25% reduction in its workforce was happened since 2000. 5In conclusion, refer to Christensen and the examples of DEC and Kodak illustrated in the previous paragraphs it is not a good practice for successful, on-going companies too focused on satisfying their existing customers stated needs. They should develop their wider field of views into a new market and make significant preparation to resist the tidal wave from others disruptive technologies.Endnotes1 http//www.alumni.hbs.edu/bulletin/1999/april/qanda.html (accessed on 10 January 2010)2 http//en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Digital Equipment Corporation (accessed on 10 January 2010)3 http//ww w.datasentinel.com/files/dataSentinel (accessed on 10 January 2010)4 http//www.articlesbase.com/, stock-taking Research Eastman Kodak And The Power Of Disruptive Technologies (accessed on 10 January 2010)5 http//en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Eastman Kodak (accessed on 10 January 2010)Explain how lowly disruptive technologies can ultimately surpass successful existing dominant technologies in gross revenue, technical capability, and profitability. Illustrate your answer, using either the example of computer disk technology, power shovel technology, or steel production technology. (1 2 pages)In low-end disruptive technologies, at the beginning, disrupters aim to serve the least profitable customers who are satisfactory with good enough products. These types of customers do not in ladder to pay lots in improving the functionality of the products. Later, the disrupters try to improve their profit margin by seeking customers who are going to pay little more for better quality of the p roducts. Therefore, the disrupters are required to innovate. It is common for incumbents try to be apart from not so profitable margin and move to serve more winsome customers. After successive encounters, the incumbents are pressed out into a smaller market. Finally, the disrupters reach the most profitable markets and expel the established organizations out of the markets. 1Taking computer disk drives technology as an example, NAND instant is a typical low-end disruptive technology. 2 NAND Flash has a great impact on computer fund business in view of technical and economic aspects. For the purpose of low warehousing application, FAND Flash is actually cheaper than the hard disk drives. In terms of random I/O operations, FAND Flash has a higher performance than hard disk drives. A single NAND SSD can have a 10-30K random I/O operations per second (IOPS), while a single hard disk drive can only have 250 IOPS. At the markets where customers interest in low storage capacity rather than high storage capacity, FAND Flash is much more cost effective than hard disk drives. In order words, FAND Flash has squeezed hard disk drives out of the low-storage business market.The cost of mechanical components of a hard disk is near $20, while the disk controller costs around $3. 2 The smallest capacity of a hard disk is a single platter and additional platters provide incremental capacity. Say, the smallest capacity platter of a modern 2.5 hard disk drive is 160GB and capacity will increase over time when technical capabilities improve.The cost of a single NAND Flash chip is generally between $1 and $8, depending on performance and density. Currently, a 4GB NAND chip using multi-level cells (MLC) costs around $7 while the controller is the same of that in hard disk drives. 2 For certain capacities, say lower storage capacity, NAND Flash actually costs less than the minimum cost of a hard disk drive. This is the reason behind why USB storage drives usually adopt the use of NAND Flash.Now, it can be explained that below the cross-over point, FAND Flash is much more cost effective while supra the cross-over point, hard disk drives are much more cost effective. However, it is of great importance that we should be noticed that the shifting of the cross-over point towards a higher storage capacities.Moores law has a long history in the application of computer hardware. The capabilities of many electronic devices are strongly related to Moores law, such as the storage capacity. 3 NAND Flash which is made of semiconductor is benefited from Moores law. With the improvement of performance of semiconductor, the storage capacity of FAND Flash has exponentially increased, and so the hard disk drives do. Therefore, FAND Flash will not squeezed hard disk drives out of high-storage capacity. Nevertheless, the cross-over point is moving towards a higher storage capacity, say today it is around 16GB but four years later, it is around 64GB, and eight years later, th e cross-over point might even reach to around 400GB. 2 As a result, the low-end market of FAND Flash is expanding continuously. The markets below the cross-over point of FAND Flash are expanding while putting the markets of hard disk drives below cross-over point into pressure and diminished. It gives us an implication that when the cross-over point exceeds the amount of storage capacity needed, people will move to buy the cheaper one computer memory storage disk, that is the FAND Flash. Therefore, hard disk drives will finally be out of business.In conclusion, taking the example of FAND Flash and hard disk drives in computer disk technology, low-end disruptive technologies can ultimately surpass successful existing dominant technologies.Endnotes1 http//en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Disruptive Technology (accessed on 12 January 2010)2 http//www.realworldtech.com/, NAND Flash A Classic Disruptive Technology by David Kanter, 30th December 2009 (accessed on 12 January 2010)3 http//en.w ikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Moores law (accessed on 12 January 2010)For each of the following categories of employees in a successful company, explain why individuals in these categories are reluctant to champion disruptive technologies in their organization ripened executive (1/2 to one page)Middle managers (1/2 to one page)Sales people (1/2 to one page)Senior executiveFrom the point of views of senior executives, the transmit of the developed mature organizational constructions is irrelevant and they found difficult in changing their mature organizational structures. A director in a world(prenominal) grocery business said thatOne of the most difficult argufys I face is going into the board room and asking for changes in our operations and structures, since the original manuals were written by three main board members about 15 years ago. 1In additional, when consider the investment of new technology, senior executives have to attend that the investment in new technology is appro priate. This technology should keep track with the current technological systems. It is a difficult task for senior executives to write off previous investment and invest into a new technology. However, it is the most measurable decision they have to make.Middle managersIn a maturing organization, middle managers usually tend to become too comfortable on their normal works. They are not willing to champion disruptive technologies since it is not worth for them to taking risks outside their comfort zone. They are not willing to champion disruptive technologies since it is not worth for them to take risks outside their comfort zone. Most of the middle managers are too focused within their disciplines to give their work assignments. They are not willing to take risks to identify ideas or technologies outside their disciplines. In additional, they find that it is of a great challenge to manage and lead an interdisciplinary team. 1In a maturing organization, since the knowledge has been accumulated for many years, this knowledge developed from past experiences is the routines and behaviors for middle managers to follow. From the point of views of middle managers, it does not make any sense to discard this knowledge. Middle managers are usually unwilling to get rid of their routines and behaviors.Sales peopleSimilarly, gross sales people in a maturing organization are reluctant to champion disruptive technologies in their organization. As they are used to sell their products and technologies based on their major disciplines, it is not comfortable and does not make sense to sell new technologies to customers who are out of their current disciplines. 2A well and stable relationship between sales people and clients is developed and established in a maturing organization, it is difficult for them to sell new technologies or the unexpected disruptive technologies to their long-term customers without support indeed.From the point of views of sales people, disruptive tec hnologies are new technologies which are required to look for a new market of customers. As a sales people, they are reluctant to develop relationship with an unexpected group of customers, sometimes, it is difficult for them to find new customers if the disruptive technologies are not successful. They do not want to take risk to explore into those unexpected region.Endnotes1 http//www.allbusiness.com (accessed on 15 January 2010)2 Albert Harold Rubenstein, Eliezer Geisler, Installing and managing workable knowledge management systems, Greenwood Publishing Group 2003What can organizations do to encourage the fostering of disruptive technologies? (One page)From the management point of views, there are several managerial recommendations for organizations to encourage the fostering of disruptive technologies. These recommendations for organizations are discussed in the following paragraphs.First, it is of great importance for organizations to know that options are not limited. Organiz ations should not be fixed in the ground, where just fulfill their current customers needs. They should keep searching for options, although taking the chances randomly is a little chomp risky. However, taking the opposite point of views, it is worth to keep discover options to defend the threats from other disruptive technologies. 1Second, a knowledge-based organization must be developed continually in nowadays markets. Organizations should look further, be proactive and have a wider upsurge of views. The internal and out-of-door environments in an organization should be closely monitored. at a time there is a sudden change or threat come from, the organization can respond to the change appropriately for both internal and external environments. Executive management should be dynamic, keep track with the change of business ecosystem such that they can set up the proper and latest organizational strategies to take in the organizations. 1The third focus is the organizations struc ture which has a great impact on how the firm can respond to change appropriately. Actually, organization structure is the most important factor to determine the operation of a business. A well executive leadership and management plans can hardly succeed if there is no malleable organization structure which responds and adopts effectively and efficiently to the changes. 1 Leaders at the executive level should have a clear mind on the organization structures and the implications of that structure in order to develop and foster a disruptive technology successfully, enhance the competitiveness of the organization in the markets.In additional, it is important to analyze the relationship between radical research and the established business units. Establishing some distance between these two is critical. Organizations should aware that there is a potential risk of creating a sustainable product instead of a disruptive product, if the business units are allowed to affect the end product too much. 1Eventually, according to Bower and Christensens article, Disruptive Technologies Catching the Wave, a potential disruptive technology is sometimes considered as unpleasant by traditional project management systems. 2 Therefore, the systems should encourage employees to have a wider sight of view. Employees at all levels of the organizations should be interested about advance technologies for both inside and outside their industries. In order to be successful, goals and values should be co-ordinated into the organizations guiding principles.Endnotes1 Dr. LEE, TERADYNE CASE, BUSA 541. The JKF Group, 12th October 20022 Bower, Joseph L. Christensen, Clayton M. (1995). Disruptive Technologies Catching the Wave Harvard Business Review, January-February 1995EssayLets say you have been asked to write a make review of The Innovators Dilemma by a leading scholarly business journal. This should be an in-depth review of roughly five pages length (single space). In the review, you should do the followingHighlight key points raised by Christensen prove how Christensens views are revolutionary, in the sense that they go against much of what we have been taught by business schools (e.g., Do all you can to satisfy the customer)Discuss how Christensens insights reveal a major reason that organizations resist changeDiscuss possible weaknesses of Christensens approach for example, are there technologies and/or areas of business and government where his viewpoints dont make sense? (Hint The answer is yes.)Use the book review as an opportunity to showcase your personal views (the best book reviews always do this)A book review on Clayton Christensens book, The Innovators DilemmaIn this book, Christensen has highlighted some key points regarding the term disruptive technologies. Sometimes, it could be called disruptive innovations. Disruptive technologies or innovations were considered as technologies or innovations overturning the existing order in an industry.Initia lly, customers who were not served by the current market were the main target of disruptive technologies and innovations. Under successive capacity or performance improvements, the low-end innovations squeezed out the incumbents in the mainstream markets. Christensen criticized incumbents were not sensitive to the disruptive technologies and incumbents usually focused on satisfying the needs of their mainstream customers. In general, incumbents did not respond sensitively to resist the threat brought from others disruptive technologies until it were too late to do anything, say an organization finally went out of business. Sometimes, managers were not comfortable and not interested in those low margins. They were not willing to develop disruptive technologies or innovations as they considered exploring a new market was taking a risk.Christensen have explained the reason behind why organizations collapsed and failed in their business in spite of being the top position in the markets, having the ability to develop the best and capable sustainable innovations and technologies in their industries. This is a problem of their business model. Sustainable technologies improvement was not the reason for the leaders went out of business in an industry. At the time being, they developed their ability and capability to compete in their high-end market. Nevertheless, it was mentioned by Christensen that these were sustainable technologies and innovations which were already utilized by the best organizations in the industries.Following an s-curve, improving performance was already expected by their customers. With the well established relationships with clients, well developed reputation, sufficient money and more advance technological power in the market, leaders usually did not fail. Until the emergence of disruptive technologies, the story had changed. Disruptive technologies were even a nightmare of managers. In the contrary, disruptive technologies are so much cheaper, where they explored and opened a new market in which the mainstream incumbents did not consider to explore. however at the moment the rate of improvement of performance of the disruptive technologies and innovations exceeds the users demands, they surpassed the high-end and mainstream technologies and innovations ultimately.Christensens views were revolutionary in view of technological and innovative business. He mentioned that great firms succeeded because they listened to their customers needs and invested aggressively in the technologies and innovations. Nevertheless, at the mean time, great firms failed with the same reason, listened to their customers and put their great effort to satisfy their customers. It was revolutionary compared to the traditional notion of business schools, which sold the concept of doing all the best to satisfy your customers. Christensen did research on the history of disk drive industry. He showed the reasons behind why the leading established driv e markers were unable to reach the 8-inch drive market. It is because of the delay of strategic commitment to enter into the emerging market.Christensens insights had revealed a major reason why great established firms in the markets resist to changes. Christensen had mentioned that since established organizations structure and groups working together were facilitating the design of its dominant technologies and innovations, the organizations structure and the groups learning to work together could be affect and could not design new products. Organizations required very different technological capabilities called radical change. Actually, established firms were sensitive, aggressive and innovative in terms of their sustainable technologies and innovations. But the reasons why they resisted changes were the problem of downward vision and mobility in terms of Christensens trajectory map. Finding changes and new technologies markets for each of the firms seemed to appear once when the y were first established and then apparently lost finally. This resistance to changes kept going continuously.Despite there were much supportive commentaries on Christensens approach regarding the issue on disruptive technologies and innovations, but nothing is perfect. There were some weaknesses of his approach. It seemed that Christensens view did not consider the overall socio-political environment and human factors in reality.In this book, the large integrated steel mill around industries displaced by those mini-mills steel industries was taken as an example by Christensen. Christensen put emphasis on how mini-mill first entering into the low margin markets and then squeezed out the integrated mills when mini-mill technology, performance and quality improved. Nevertheless, the relieving effects of labor-management relationships were not considered in this case by Christensen. He did not consider if the unions want to accept new labor rules requiring more flexible job descriptio ns. Whether management willing to adjust pay scales with workers who were trained in and able to perform jobs was not considered. However, obviously, Christensen did not consider the effects of labor-management relationships. Moreover, for the example of replacement of steam shoves by hydraulically operated equipment, one question should be asked, Were labor unions, and management, averse to retraining equipment operators who had many years invested in becoming adept in operation and use of, a particular technology?In general, in view of human nature, people approached to keep away from changes, especially unexpected changes from disruptive technologies. However, disruptive technologies required people to accept and adopt the changes. It did not a must for people being reluctant to disruptive technology. There were small portions of people who chasing the latest technologies and placed cost into lower level of consideration. These were the first groups of people to accept disruptive technologies. Taking personal computers as an example, actually, they were expensive and did not have too many functions when they were first introduced in 1970s. (Wikipedia, 2010) Most people did not recognize the use of personal computers at home. But with those groups of people who like chasing the latest technologies, eventually, prices went down and performance of personal computers climbed up. Ultimately, people began to use personal computers in home and workplaces.Christensen in his book mentioned that disruptive technologies came from a low cost margin and displaced the high-end margin. However, Christensens disruptive technologies or innovations did n

How Did Transportation Change During Industrial Revolution?

How Did Transportation Change During Industrial Revolution?How did Transportation Change During the Industrial Revolution?The world had gone through with(predicate) two industrial revolutions. The first revolution began in the 1700s. And the here and now revolution happened in the 1860s. Both of the revolutions were the just about important periods in the history of human guild because they influenced almost every aspect of life and especially brought the world entirely tender kinds of theodolites. Steam engine, waterway, road, and railroad experienced mainly improvement during the first revolution, and the second revolution brought the inventions of automobile and airplane both they played an essential role in the development of transportation in history.The steam engine was one of the most vital components that had been invented during the first industrial revolution. It contributed a lot to the improvement of transportation. Thomas Newcomen was the first person who invented the steam engine. However, the use of the steam engine was expensive and non efficient. (World History textbook) Until 1765, James Watt, one of the greatest contributors to transportation, reformed the steam engine to be more efficient and consume less fuel by adding a separate condenser to Newcomens engine. Watts improvement had saved almost 75 percent of the fuel that had previously been apply by the engine. (Kendra Bolon) subsequently the improvement, the steam engine had been used broadly on the other transportations, such as steam ship and steam railway locomotive. The steam engine not completely improved the way of transporting, but in any case the quality of life. For example, people could travel by taking locomotive and steam ship. Moreover, they could enjoy the life by ceremony the landscape during the trip. Therefore, the steam engine was the most incredible transportation in the world.Roads, provides, and railway systems were three major components of transportat ion improved during the first industrial revolution. People used the roads as the basic way to transport the goods from one place to another. Roads were in very bad repair before the first revolution, and it were not efficient for people to transport goods. (World History textbook) John MacAdam, Thomas Telford, and John Metcalfe all developed the new roads construction techniques. Thomas Telford made new foundations in roads with large flat stones. John MacAdam equipped roadbeds with a layer of large stones therefore, people could transport goods on a rainy day. Canal was another vital part of transportations, which allowed goods to be transported through a series of man-made waterways. Transporting goods by canal lowered the risks of smashed products during route. Moreover, a canal barge could carry more products than the other forms of transportation during that time. Canal also cost less money for transporting merchandise. For the reason of transporting heavy goods from place to place, the improvement of railway began in 1800, which made a great leap in transporting technology in human history. The improved steam engine guide the running locomotive with properly powered technique of rolling. The improvement of railways allowed the towns and cities to grow rapidly. In the mid-18th, Abraham Darby made a plate way of cast iron on top of trail that allowed the furnaces working and able to lift the iron plate. In 1789, William Jessop developed an L shaped rail which held the wagon on the track. Goods could be transferred within a wretched amount of time, which helped to foster the agricultural and fishing industries. The locomotive was capable of transporting triple amount of goods compared to the horse-pulled wagons. (Mrs. Abiah Darby) The improvement of road, canal, and railway changed the way of transporting, the amount and distance of transporting goods increased importantly and affected how people lived accordingly.The automobile and airplane were the t wo most incredible forms of transportations that were been invented during the second industrial revolution in the 1860s. Automobile was crucial form of transportation since it affected the whole world. The automobile was first invented by Karl Benz in 1886. Later on, in 1908, Henry Ford made the automobile affordable for people by introducing the assembly line. (World History textbook) Automobile enabled people to go anywhere they wanted to at any time. Its the most genial tool for people to move.As for the other important invention, airplane, was built in 1903 by Wilbur and Orville Wright. (World History textbook) Around 400 BC, Archytas was reputed as the first person designed and built the first moving flying device. While the Wright brothers made the first successful try to carry a man rose by airplane. The first airplane flew naturally at even speed, and descended without damage. Although the flight lasted only 59 seconds, it marked an important start of the aircraft industr y. The appearance of automobile changed the whole world entirely in that it provided a convenient and affordable way to transport and move for people. The creation of airplane broadens the scope and distance of the transportation, which may transports passengers and goods across continents and land. These two inventions both brought significant influence to people.In conclusion, during the first and second industrial revolutions, transportation had gone through dramatic change and improvement. It not only brought effective and efficient way of transporting, but also influenced and shaped peoples life, almost every aspect in peoples daily life. With the advance of technology, transportation progressed. The steam engine led to the application of locomotive and steamboat, which increased transporting capacity and thus facilitated more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. Trade expansion was fostered by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The i nvention of automobile grounded the basic way of transportation for people while the airplane provided a faster way from place to place. The first and second industrial revolution marked a turning point in human history, and transportation played a vital role affecting peoples life socially and economically.BibliographyBolon, Kendra. The Steam Engine. N.p. Kendra Bolon, 2001. N. pag.http//www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/ . Web.Bustamante, Crystal. Transportation during the Industrial Revolution. N.p. CrystalBustamante, 2009. N. pag. Web. 26 Jan. 2009.Bulter, Scott, Keats, Thedawnbringer, Hedleygb, and Peter. How has transportchanged since the Industrial Revolution? N.p. n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.Industrial revolution research. N.p. HTML5 UP, n.d. N. pag. Web.vMack, Pamela E. Transportation. N.p. n.p., 2002. N. pag. Web. 27 Sept. 2002.Roads, Canals and Railways the Transport revolution. N.p. n.p., UK. N. pag. Web. 2013.The Industrial Revolution 1750-1900. N. p. n.p., n.d. N. pag. KCCIS. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.Transportation. N.p. n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 22 Nov. 2013.

The Grand Inquisitor Poem Theology Religion Essay

The wondrous Inquisitor Poem Theology Religion EssayThe horrible Inquisitor is part of the stories found in the book by Fyodor Dostoevsky entitled Brothers Karamozov. Dostoevsky concerns himself in analyzing the psychological consequences of engaging in crime, and the moral consequences of engaging in such(prenominal) kind of vices. In the grand Inquisitor, the characters question the validity of religion, free will and morality. The main dilemma that these characters ask, is it prudent for man, to observe the laws of religion? The other questions that linger on the minds of these people is whether they should take the role of God, and ignore the several(a) religious believes or traditions. The poet identifies the various degrees of freedom, and this includes positive and ostracise freedom, rational egoism, Christian idealism, and nihism. He does this through the various characters in his poem the Grand Inquisitor (Dostoyevsky,, Richard and Larrisa, 27).The Grand Inquisitor is ba sed on the idea of freedom and human nature. In the poem, Alysha is a monk, and Ivan questions the benevolence of God. concord to the Grand Inquisitor, the notion of freedom does not exist. The Grand Inquisitor observes that people need to be selfish, and by doing that the whole society will benefit. This is because the needs of individuals atomic number 18 the same and complement each other. On this basis, the freedom the Jesus Christ brings to the world is not freedom but slavery. This aspect is denoted in the poem when the Grand Inquisitor tells Jesus that by coming again, he is destroying the church. He further tells Jesus that the devil tempted him with three items, food, power, and divine authority (Dostoyevsky and Constance, 33).For instance, the devil told Jesus to deflect stone into bread. According to the Grand Inquisitor, Jesus should arrive at done that. According to him, men will only follow people who feed their bellies. By number stone into bread, Jesus will dem onstrate his ability to feed the multitudes. The Grand Inquisitor further tells Jesus that he should have cast himself d receive from the temple and caught by angels. This would have demonstrated his godhead abilities, therefore acquiring worship and trust from the people. Fin tout ensembley, the Grand Inquisitor believes that had Jesus accepted to rule over the world, thusly the world would have seen salvation (Leatherbarrow, 24). On this basis, the Grand Inquisitor accuses Jesus of giving humanity freedom to choose.According to him, the masses do not have the efficacy of choosing what is right or wrong. This freedom has led to the destruction of mankind. The Grand Inquisitor therefore believes that the freedom that Jesus gave to mankind, by refusing to oblige to the temptations of the devil, was too more for the people. On this basis therefore, the Grand Inquisitor advocates for selfishness of an individual. However, this freedom that comes with selfishness is an illusion, and does not exist in Christianity. The Christian teachings advocate for love, and humanity. For instance, the Inquisitor believes in giving people bread, in exchange of their souls. According to this teaching, the freedom of people will only come through coercion. On this basis, the Grand Inquisitor takes the role of God, instead of man. In my own opinion, the kind of freedom that the Grand Inquisitor advocates for is the negative freedom.The Inquisitor tries to justify his believes by identifying the roles of Satan in providing real freedom. He does this by denoting that the catholic church long left the teachings of Jesus, and followed the teachings of Satan. In his own opinion, freedom that comes from the devil is sufficient in taking care of the needs of humanity. This is because the devil gives authority to the a few(prenominal), who have the capability of handling their freedom. By doing, the devil manages to end the suffering of humanity, and uniting the world, through the chu rch, i.e. the Catholic Church (Crane and Faynia, 19).No matter what justification the Grand Inquisitor gives, this is negative freedom. This is because it is against humanity to act in a selfish manner. For people to stay together, they must satisfy the various needs of others. There is no way leading by a few people and through coercion can result to the promotion of humanity, and hence positive freedom. This is because people will always be dissatisfied by the selfishness of individuals, resulting to rebellions. Dostoevsky presents the freedom denoted as Christian idealism through the actions of Jesus Christ. For instance, the Grand Inquisitor accuses Jesus of allowing people to choose on what they privation and what they dont want (Davis, Gary, David, John, 28).For instance, the Grand Inquisitor argues that by refusing to accept the temptations that the devil offered to Jesus Christ, he gave mankind the freedom to choose. This is what Christian idealism is all about. To Christi ans, they have a role to play in their constitutes, in regard to worshiping God. They can choose either choose to worship God, and achieve eternal life, or to go against God, and be lead to eternal remnant (Dostoyevsky, 33). The Grand Inquisitor acknowledges these teachings, and he tell Jesus that even though the devil is leading them to death and destruction, the freedom that he gives is for the benefit of humanity. This kind of freedom is the elimination of the free will of individuals, in exchange of providing for their needs, and happiness.In conclusion, Dostoevsky manages to highlight religious bondage in the manner in which the Grand Inquisitor argues about the freedom. The Grand Inquisitor is below religious bondage because of his assumptions that freedom to choose is limited to a few individual. In reality, this is not freedom but bondage. This is because an individual will not have the capability of acting by himself. The person will always live in fear of need, because the authority will fail to provide for her due to disobedience. On this basis, the notion of harmony does not exist instead individuals are under spiritual bondage, in the name of self-gratification, and self-love.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - Dignity and the American Dr

Dignity and the American Dream in A Raisin in the Sun The American Dream, although different for each of us, is what we all aspire to achieve. In Lorraine Hansberrys, play, A Raisin in the Sun, each instalment of the Younger family despairingly hopes for their own opportunity to achieve the American Dream. The American Dream to the Younger family is to own a home, but beyond that, to Walter Younger, it is to be accepted by white society. In the book entitled advertizement the American Dream, Roland Marchand refers to the American Dream as the belief that if you work hard and play by the rules, then you will achieve your goals (Marchand 1). In the play, Walter lee side Younger does not do either one of these things. Walter doesnt show up for work regularly and he certainly has no intentions of playing by the rules to shorten a business licenses. Walter Lee is a man stuck in a dead end job that he sees as demeaning and he becomes desperate to free himself from the bonds of po verty, oppression and racial discrimination. Walter Lee feels that with money he can change the hegemonys view of him as a poor, stupid, black servant. The hegemonys social construction of naive realism about blacks as being lesser and the hegemonys ethnocentric perception of being superior, is corroborated in an article titled The Colour Bar of Beauty from The Peak. Cristina Rodrigues, a member of the black cultural and social activist group Olodum, says In Brazil, nobody wants to be black because the mass media equates black with poor and stupid (Aujla 2). Walter has a lovely relationship with his family members, but he also has a relationship that frustrates him. Walters family frustrations are brought on by societys lack o... ...y. The Peak. 4 May 1998 1-5. accessible http//www.peak.sfu.ca/the-peak/98-2/issue1/colourbar.html Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. New York Signet, 1988. Johnson, Lyndon B. The American Promise. Public Papers of the Presidents of the Unite d States Lyndon Johnson, vol. 1 (1965), 281. 1-9. Available http//www.civnet.org/resoures/teach/basic/par6/40.htm Marchand, Roland. Advertising the American Dream. Los Angeles, CA. University of California Press, 1985 Margolin, Michael. Reasons in the Sun. Metro Times. 25 March 1998 1-3. Available http//www.metrotimes.com/arts/stories/18/26/RasnInSn.html U.S. Census Bureau. United States Government Bureau of Statistics. Available http//www.census.gov/prod/3/98pub/p20-509u.pd U.S. Federal Law. Cornell Law Resources. Available http//law.cornell.edu/supct/html/97-156.ZS.html